黑龙江省西部地区玉米大斑病菌生理小种鉴定及生物学特性分析

为筛选和创制玉米抗病种质资源提供试验依据,研究鉴定了黑龙江省西部地区玉米大斑病生理小种类别,并对其生物学特性进行系统性的研究。结果表明:在黑龙江省西部地区发生的玉米大斑病生理小种为Ht3/Ht1、Ht2、HtN型生理小种,得出此病原菌菌丝最适合生长的pH为7,适合生长温度为20～30℃,菌落在查氏(NaNO3)培养基上生长优于查氏〔(NH4)2SO4〕培养基,菌丝生长速率在玉米面培养基中最大,平均生长率为1.55cm.d-1,蔗糖为碳源时生长最快,生长速率为1.73cm.d-1,以NaNO3为氮源时菌落生长最快,生长速率为1.70cm.d-1。在影响孢子萌发的因素中,pH为7时,孢子萌发率达到最高;在23～35℃时,不同碳源和氮源对孢子萌发影响不大,孢子萌发率均可达70%以上。     

HT-毒素胁迫下玉米叶片细胞的活性氧代谢及可能性作用

采用Luminol的化学发光法测定了叶肉细胞在毒素作用下活性氧的变化动态 ,结果表明 ,HT—毒素胁迫下玉米叶片悬浮细胞的活性氧代谢发生明显改变。某些阳性离子、化合物和处理体系的温度对玉米叶片细胞的活性氧代谢影响很大。此外 ,外源加入一定浓度的H2 O2 对玉米大斑病菌、玉米小斑病菌和玉米弯孢霉的菌丝生长、分生孢子的产生和萌发及毒素的产生等都有明显的抑制作用或影响     

辽宁省春玉米主要病虫为害损失之研究

采用在植株上接种不同浓度的丝黑穗病菌、弯孢菌叶斑病菌和玉米大斑病菌,以及不同玉米螟虫量,研究不同病级和虫量对玉米的产量构成因素及产量损失的影响,同时对玉米螟(A)、弯孢菌叶斑病(B)、大斑病(C)、丝黑穗病(D)的复合发生为害(ABCD)损失和经济阈值进行简单探讨。研究表明,病虫为害主要影响穗粗、行粒数和百粒重产量构成因素,病级和虫量与产量损失呈显著正相关;病虫之间存在复合为害关系,复合产量损失率占四者单独造成产量损失率之和的41.48%,其大小依次为:A相似文献   

利用Brn1基因分析嘴突脐孢种（Exserohilum rostratum）内变异研究

对形态变异特征较大的嘴突脐孢种Brn1基因核苷酸序列系统发育进行了分析。从系统发育树中可以看出,供试菌株与突脐孢属的其它菌种聚类在同一个分支上,与弯孢属和离蠕孢属的菌种明显区分开,形成了一个独立演化群。利用DNADIST程序计算遗传距离矩阵分析所有供试嘴突脐孢种菌株间的最小遗传距离值和最大遗传距离值分别为0.0078和0.0197,供试嘴突脐孢种菌株间的遗传距离值变化较大,但该种菌株间距离值小于系统树中种内最大遗传距离值0.0242。这一结果表明嘴突脐孢种内不同菌株间的变异属于种内变异。Brn1基因核苷酸序列分析可以用于嘴突脐孢种鉴定。     

突脐蠕孢与弯孢原生质的双亲灭活融合

采用灭活原生质体方法,对致病力强、产孢量低的突脐蠕孢EM菌株和致病力较弱、但产孢量高的弯孢CL菌株两株稗草致病菌进行原生质体融合,通过观察形态、生物学及抑草活性等特性筛选融合子。结果表明,2%溶壁酶+2%蜗牛酶处理获得两亲株的原生质体释放数量最高,CL和EM分别达1.25×106个/ml和1.21×106个/ml;再生培养基○c处理的CL和EM原生质体再生率分别达14.7%和13.2%。EM利用热灭活55℃5min;CL利用紫外灭活30s,距离20cm,照射时间4min;聚乙二醇促融,获得3个融合子。融合子在孢子形态上与亲株存在明显差异,其菌丝生长速度、孢子产量、对稗草根生长的抑制作用等也与双亲菌株有差异。     

Molecular marker analysis of European Setosphaeria turcica populations

Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.     

利用Brn1基因分析嘴突脐孢种（Exserohilum rostratum）内变异研究

对形态变异特征较大的嘴突脐孢种Brn1基因核苷酸序列系统发育进行了分析。从系统发育树中可以看出，供试菌株与突脐孢属的其它菌种聚类在同一个分支上，与弯孢属和离蠕孢属的菌种明显区分开，形成了一个独立演化群。利用DNADIST程序计算遗传距离矩阵分析所有供试嘴突脐孢种菌株间的最小遗传距离值和最大遗传距离值分别为0.0078和0.0197，供试嘴突脐孢种菌株间的遗传距离值变化较大，但该种菌株间距离值小于系统树中种内最大遗传距离值0.0242。这一结果表明嘴突脐孢种内不同菌株间的变异属于种内变异。Brn1基因核苷酸序列分析可以用于嘴突脐孢种鉴定。     

Maize resistance to northern corn leaf blight is potentiated by nickel

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting maize yield worldwide. A foliar spray of nickel (Ni) to potentiate maize resistance against NCLB was investigated by examining alterations in the photosynthetic apparatus (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll [Chl] a fluorescence parameters), production of ethylene and reactive oxygen species as well as activities of defence and antioxidant enzymes. Mycelial growth of E. turcicum was inhibited by Ni in vitro. Inoculated plants sprayed with Ni exhibited higher foliar Ni concentration, reduced NCLB symptoms, and lower concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. In inoculated leaves of plants not sprayed with Ni, concentrations of Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids were lower and the photosynthetic apparatus was impaired at the biochemical level due to high NCLB severity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were not affected by Ni, except an increase in glutathione reductase activity for noninoculated plants sprayed with Ni. High lipoxygenase and polyphenoloxidase activities, lower ethylene production, as well as elevated production of phenolics and lignin helped decrease NCLB severity in the leaves of Ni-sprayed plants.     

Resistance to anthracnose and turcicum leaf blight in sorghum under dual infection

A half diallel mating design was used to study the inheritance of anthracnose and turcicum leaf blight (TLB) in six sorghum cultivars. Applying pathogens inoculum separately and applying both pathogens simultaneously differently affected the reaction of each genotype. GA06/18 was resistant to both pathogens. GA06/106 x Epuripuri and MUC007/009 x Epuripuri showed high heterosis for resistance to both diseases indicating that they were good materials for sorghum breeding. Additive and non‐additive (dominance) variance components were almost equally reflected by equal contribution of both variances towards the anthracnose resistance suggesting that both additive and dominance gene effects were involved in anthracnose resistance. Contribution of additive gene effects towards TLB resistance was greater than non‐additive gene effects suggesting that additive gene effects were more important in controlling TLB resistance. This study highlighted that deployment of resistant varieties is the most cost effective way to manage both diseases especially when integrated with appropriate agronomy practices.     

玉米部分自交系对丝黑穗病和大斑病的抗性鉴定

选取37份常用玉米自交系,采用人工接种的鉴定方法对丝黑穗病(Sphacelotheca reiliana)和大斑病(Exserohilum turcicum)的抗性进行评价。结果表明,不同玉米自交系对丝黑穗病和大斑病表现出不同的抗性,对丝黑穗病表现出抗病和感病的自交系分别占供试自交系的48.6%和51.4%,其中仅09杜引-1表现高抗(HR);对大斑病表现抗病和感病的自交系分别占供试自交系的35.1%和64.9%,其中仅自交系Mo17表现高抗(HR)。